Roman Numeral Converter

Roman numerals use seven Latin letters as digits: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), and M (1000). Values are generally written from largest to smallest and added together. However, to avoid four consecutive identical numerals, a subtractive notation is used for six cases: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400), and CM (900). The largest number expressible in standard Roman numerals is 3999 (MMMCMXCIX).

The Roman numeral system was the dominant numeral system in Europe throughout the Middle Ages, replacing earlier purely additive Roman systems. The positional decimal system (the Hindu-Arabic numerals we use today) gradually displaced Roman numerals for arithmetic and commerce starting in the 13th century, but Roman numerals never disappeared entirely from use.

Roman numerals remain in active use today. They appear in copyright years in film and television credits, on analog clock faces, in the numbering of monarchs and popes (King Charles III, Pope Francis), in outline and section numbering in academic and legal documents, for naming major recurring events (Super Bowl LVII, Olympic Games), in prefaces and front matter of books (using lowercase i, ii, iii for page numbers), and on building cornerstones and monuments.